Friday, November 21, 2014

Is Narendra Modi the Leader of the World’s Largest Democracy…Or the World’s Most Successful Fascist?



Both, actually (see endnote).


That’s a duality that the United States is prepared to accommodate as it looks to a revitalized India as a strategic asset if not an outright ally in its crusade to counter “Rising China”.

And it drives US government efforts to shield Modi from the consequences of his alleged involvement in a fascist pogrom in Gujarat in 2002.

The US State Department has declared that Narendra Modi, as India’s head of state, receives sovereign immunity from US lawsuits, even if they allege human rights violations he committed as an individual while Chief Minister of Gujarat .

Attorneys for the victims beg to differ, and a US Superior Court has charged the State Department to respond to their objections by December 10.

For over a decade, Modi’s detractors have been attempting to force the spotlight on the fascist elements of his ideology and politics, and have failed to exact any meaningful political cost as he has risen to the position of ultimate power in India.

Will his critics succeed in bringing him to book this time?  Don't count on it.

The first indication that Narendra Modi is something more than the proud steward of “the world’s largest democracy” is embodied in the term “pracharak”.

As helpfully glossed by the Indian Express:

Pracharaks are Sangh ["Organization"--ed.] wholetimers who leave their families, often stay unmarried and lead detached lives devoted to the organisation. When deputed to BJP or other RSS affiliates, they are called Sangathan Mantris (Organisation Secretaries); in BJP units, they are usually designated General Secretary (Organisation). The Sangh has over a hundred affiliated organisations, but most Pracharaks working in the BJP are either from the RSS or ABVP  

Narendra Modi began his political career and spent twenty years in the BJP as a pracharak, a “spreader of the doctrine” in other words an organizer and apparatchik for the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Hindu nationalist social movement known as the RSS.  

Pracharaks are expected to devote their lives to the cause of Hindu nationalism and, among other things, remain celibate.  Modi is “single” with airquotes or married* with an asterisk; as a young man he abandoned his wife to embark on a career as an RSS organizer, a state of affairs he deemed necessary to acknowledge only forty years later as he stood on the cusp of becoming prime minister, and the fact that he had habitually filled in his marital status on electoral documents with an equivocal dash could no longer be ignored.

Palash Ghosh of the International Business Daily performed a signal service with his article on the historical roots of the RSS, which I will quote at length:

The RSS was founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram Hedgewar, a doctor from the central Indian town of Nagpur in Maharashtra, who agitated for both independence from the British crown and the strict segregation of Hindus and Muslims.

What may surprise many in the West is that some of the most prominent figures of RSS deeply admired Fascism and Nazism, the two totalitarian movements that swept through Europe at the time.

As such, RSS was outlawed by the British (and was even periodically banned by the Indian government after independence). Indeed, Naturam Godse, the man who assassinated Gandhi in 1948, was himself a former RSS member who felt that the Mahatma made too many generous concessions to the Muslims.

In the decades prior to that momentous event, senior RSS members had direct links to both Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany. Part of the RSS’ fascination with these totalitarian regimes was their shared opposition to the British Empire -- however, it went far beyond that. The RSS (as well as multitudes of other Hindu nationalists) admired the way Mussolini and Hitler reorganized their respective nations so quickly from the wreckage of war to build a powerful economy and military under the banner of patriotism and nationalism.
“There are only two courses open to the foreign elements, either to merge themselves in the national race and adopt its culture, or to live at its mercy so long as the national race may allow them to do so and to quit the country at the sweet will of the national race,” wrote [RSS founder Golwalkar—ed].

“That is the only sound view on the minorities problem. That is the only logical and correct solution. That alone keeps the national life healthy and undisturbed… The foreign races in Hindustan must either adopt the Hindu culture and language, must learn to respect and hold in reverence Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of the Hindu race and culture, i.e., of the Hindu nation and must lose their separate existence to merge in the Hindu race, or may stay in the country, wholly subordinated to the Hindu Nation, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges, far less any preferential treatment not even citizen’s rights.”

If one were to replace “Hindu” with “German,” Golwalkar’s words would match Hitler’s rhetoric almost exactly.

The RSS doctrine is Hindutva, literally “Hindu-ness”, the idea that the preservation and advancement of Hindu identity is key to India’s revival.  Like the Deoband and Barelvi schools of Islam, the RSS emerged as an Indian self-strengthening movement resisting the imposition of British rule and values during the colonial period.  Rejection of the Muslim contribution to Indian civilization (made as a result of Moghul conquest and rule that the British eerily recapitulated) was also integral to RSS identity politics.  So, after the British were gone, RSS was still around, excoriating Muslims as an alien cancer and repudiating the Congress Party’s secularism as an attempt to institutionalize Muslim privilege at the expense of Hindu interests.  In fact, “secularism” and its legal expression, “constitutionalism”, especially as they enable the myriad government setasides for both Muslims and so-called Other Backward Caste Hindus, are derogatory epithets in the RSS catechism.

The political affiliate of the RSS is the Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP, Modi’s current outfit.  He’s been advancing the RSS electoral agenda since he was seconded to the BJP some forty years ago.  Concerning Modi’s political agenda, one of Modi’s many critics in the “left” “secular” Congress-leaning media wrote:

For Modi, as RSS pracharak, history is an act of cleansing, and ethnic cleansing is merely a way of restoring what the fascist regards as normative and normal. For Modi, the old pracharak, Muslims were "dirt". They were an irritating reminder to the Hindu majority that minorities still defined the polity. Like many Hindus, Modi actually believed that electoral democracy makes a majority feel deprived, guilty about the way it feels about minorities. Such a majoritarianism feels that too much attention and privilege is paid to Muslim minorities. For such a group, democracy becomes a source of stress. What is worse, secular arrogance makes such a majority feel guilty and embarrassed. Modi understood these majoritarian sentiments, shared them and harnessed them. He created legitimacy for communalism. He used communalism as a vector to return to electoral power.

In one of those headscratchers for advocates of bourgeois democracy, the BJP found its road to electoral success paved with orchestrated anti-Muslim violence, starting with the destruction of a mosque in the city of Ayodha, in northeastern India.  Hindu nationalists claimed, on historically rather dubious grounds, that the mosque indecently occupied the site of the birthplace of the God-King Rama, and had engineered provocations at the mosque since the 1940s.

In the 1980s, the RSS, BJP, and another RSS affiliate, the VHP (Vishwa Hindu Parishad, an organization devoted to “defense of Hinduism” and, in particular, reconversion of Hindus, particularly untouchables, who were converting to Islam and Christianity at a rate deemed alarming), turned the Ayodha mosque issue into a rallying cry commanding the attention of activist Hindus, known as “kar sevaks” or volunteers.

On December 6, 1992, 150,000 Hindus convened by the three organizations rallied before the mosque.  After some incendiary rhetoric, kar sevaks tore the building down, sparking communal violence which claimed 2000 lives across the country. 

Afterwards, persuasive evidence was presented that the storming of the temple was not a spontaneous exercise in Hindu extremism, but had been carefully planned over a period of ten months by RSS and its affiliates.

The Hindu electorate was energized, not repelled by the BJP’s association with this extremist agenda, and delivered big gains to the party in the subsequent Lok Sabha (lower house) national elections for India’s parliament, which signaled the emergence of the BJP as a viable national force after decades of Congress Party dominance.

Modi was a key player in the BJP’s rise to prominence at the regional and, subsequently, the national level.  While deeply invested in the Hindutva/RSS worldview, he is also reportedly a politician of unparalleled skill and ruthlessness who believes that he knows what’s best for the RSS as well as the BJP.  

Modi eventually won three consecutive terms as Chief Minister of Gujarat, a province on India’s west coast abutting Pakistan with a Muslim minority of about 10%.  Modi concentrated power in his hands by personally taking on most of the key government portfolios, and by purging his RSS rivals.  Modi allegedly sidelined his chief opponent, the RSS pracharak Sanjay Joshay, with a sex tape that torpedoed Joshay’s reputation for probity and  celibacy—and was later dismissed as a forgery.

As Chief Minister of Gujarat, Modi presided over the next crank of the BJP’s anti-Muslim meatgrinder, the notorious pogrom of 2002.

Ayodha was once again the trigger.

A Muslim mob attacked a train carrying 2000 Gujarati kar sevaks returning from the conduct of a Hindu ritual at Ayodha on February 27, 2002.  Somehow the train caught fire near a town called Godhra and 59 people burned to death, most of them women and children.  In an exercise of Indian muddy-watering disguised as justice that will become increasingly familiar as Modi’s career advances, two governmental commissions, one convened under the BJP and one under its rival, delivered diametrically opposite conclusions ( “Muslim arson” according the BJP side; accidental overturning of a cookstove on the train according to the anti-BJP side.)

Communal violence predictably erupted across Gujarat, with a death toll of nearly 1000, primarily Muslims, over three days with the usual grim litany of horrors: beating, raping, mutilation, burning, and hacking .  However, Westerners who get their ideas of Indian politics from Danny Boyle movies may be surprised to learn that this was not simply a case of bigoted Hindu lumpen massacring their Muslim opposite numbers.

Violence was reportedly directed by RSS-affiliated activists dressed in the movement’s trademark khaki shorts and saffron tops.  More disturbingly, they had voter rolls to assist them in identifying Muslims for attack.  And attacks were not just directed against conspicuously Muslim individuals and institutions.  Muslim-owned establishments, even those bearing non-Muslim or Indian names and catering largely to Hindus (like the “Tasty Bakery”), were targeted.

From a contemporary account by the Indian outlet, rediff:

The manner in which people, irrespective of economic status, were targeted has raised suspicions about the possible misuse of electoral rolls to identify them.

Similarly, according to the victims, licences and other relevant papers from the civic bodies were used to target hotels and other business establishments owned by them.

"All my five hotels, including Renbasera, which is meant for poor people, were attacked," one businessman said. 

According to some people, in previous riots attempts were made to oust them from colonies like Meghaninagar. "They succeeded to a large extent during the 1985 violence, yet the posh Gulmohor Society was ours. Now, that's also gone," said one. 

Many people alleged that the voters' list was virtually used as a killing tool by frenzied mobs. "They hardly failed to lay hands on their targets, thanks to documents like the voters' list," a senior police officer admitted on condition of anonymity. "The mission was accomplished with clinical precision."
"The voters' list certainly made their task easier and the motivated mob knew exactly who stayed where," a woman at the Sanklitpur relief camp in Juhapura said. 

Even business establishments run by Muslims in partnership with Hindus were not spared. "The message for Hindus friendly with Muslims was clear -- do not do business with them," said Ibbal Tadah, an insurance surveyor in Juhapura area.
Then there is the suspicion of state connivance, as alleged by the Congress and other opposition parties, reflected in the traffic police virtually staying away from the roads on February 28.
Similarly, the fire brigade was hardly in action when Ahmedabad was burning. In many places, shrines were razed and houses burnt at locations hardly a stone's throw away from police stations. 

Meanwhile, with each successive riot, there has been a definite pattern in the relocation of population. "Each Hindu pocket is becoming more concentrated with its own people, while the story is the same for Muslim-dominated locations," a police officer said.


A report by an Indian Editors Guild factfinding mission pointed out rioters were also able to enter otherwise secure government areas and torch Muslim property records:

The Old Secretariat is a protected area. Yet the Gujarat State Wakf Board [which oversees religious and charitable foundations endowed by Muslim philanthropists—ed.], located just below the Directorate of Information, and the Gujarat Minorities Finance and Development Corporation housed in the Block opposite, both Government offices, were attacked and torched by a mob during office hours on February 28. …. No arrests had been made until April 2, the day of our visit. Records pertaining to dargahs, mosques, madrassas and kabristans were lost in the fire.

Over 100,000 Muslims fled to refugee camps, which Modi refused to support since doing so, according to him, would serve as acknowledgment of government responsibility for the riots.

The riots fit into an effort to marginalize Muslims in the province’s political and economic life.   A few months after the riots, an observer wrote:

This time around, it was cosmopolitan Muslims, including judges and professors, who preferred to live with the rest on Main Street, out there in the “mainstream”, that were particularly vulnerable. A liberal, forward looking Muslim spoke feelingly to the Editors Guild team. He said he had fought the orthodoxy and had spent years exhorting members of his community to take to modern education, compete for opportunity and stake their future on the assertion of their civic rights. And now his world had crumbled, hopefully only temporarily. Now when he went to the ghetto what he heard was, “if only Latif [a local mafia figure often invoked by the BJP as a “bad Muslim” bugbear –ed.]had been around, this would not have happened”.

In 2014, Reuters’ John Chalmers and Frank Jack Daniel reported from Juhapura, a Muslim ghetto in Ahmedabad:

Separation of communities is common across India. Nowhere is it as systematised as it has become in Gujarat.

Husain is one of roughly 400,000 people living in Juhapura, a teeming Muslim township within Ahmedabad, Gujarat's largest city. Many of them moved there after the 2002 riots. Local Hindus jokingly refer to it as "Little Pakistan".

Memories of the 2002 rioting have not faded for the many residents of Juhapura who lost relatives, homes and businesses. And its legacy has been increasing segregation.

In particular, a property law unique to Gujarat has perpetuated segregation, creating ghettos such as Juhapura and a sense of apartheid in some urban areas.

The "Disturbed Areas Act", a law that restricts Muslims and Hindus from selling property to each other in "sensitive" areas, was introduced in 1991 to avert an exodus or distress sales in neighbourhoods hit by inter-religious unrest.

Modi's government amended the law in 2009 to give local officials greater power to decide on property sales. It also extended the reach of the law, most recently in 2013 - 11 years after the last major religious riots.

The state government says the law is meant to protect Muslims, who account for just under 10 percent of the state's 60 million people. "It prevents ethnic cleansing and people being forced out," a senior government official who requested anonymity told Reuters.

Critics say the act's continued enforcement and the addition of new districts covered by it - about 40 percent of Ahmedabad is now governed by the law - means it is effectively being applied as a tool of social engineering.

The Indian Express newspaper said in a recent editorial: "More Muslims and Hindus have moved into separate spaces in Gujarat, finding trust and assurance only among neighbours of their own community, and it has ended up entrenching segregation and shutting Muslims out of the mainstream." 


Indeed, those taking note of the heightened ties between India and Israel after Modi’s elevation to Prime Minister will find something to ponder in the politics of communal exclusion in Gujarat.

Government preplanning of the 2002 pogrom has been alleged; prompt planning and coordination of the pogrom by RSS affiliates after the Godhra train outrage is an acknowledged fact.

In a startling revelation, Professor Keshavram Kashiram Shastri, 96-year-old chairman of the Gujarat unit of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, told rediff.com that the list of shops owned by Muslims in Ahmedabad was prepared on the morning of February 28 itself.

A scholar of the Mahabharat and a highly respected literary figure of Gujarat, Shastri said in a tape-recorded interview, "In the morning we sat down and prepared the list. We were not prepared in advance."

Clearly, the RSS affiliates in Gujarat regarded the Godhra tragedy as an indication of Muslim criminality and, perhaps worse, presumption that must, as matters of Hindu supremacy, justice, policy, and political calculation, receive immediate, unrestrained, maximal, and conspicuous punishment.

As to Modi, for whom membership in the RSS family was a matter of intense personal as well as political identity, his role in the Gujarat pogrom has been a subject of considerable scrutiny and legal gyrations over the last decade, complete with allegations of collusion, coverup, evidence destruction, and witness intimidation, which gave the US sufficient grounds to deny him a diplomatic visa (and revoke his tourist and business visas) in 2005.  

In 2007, an Indian media outlet, Tehelka, covertly recorded interviews with several participants in the 2002 pogrom.  

One mob leader described Modi's fury at the deaths of the kar sevak activists at Godhra:

In Godhra, he gave a very strong statement...He was in a rage...He's been with the Sangh from childhood...His anger was such...he didn't come out into the open then but the police machinery was turned totally ineffective...

Another mob leader stated that Modi gave him three days to conduct the pogrom before the army came in and restored order:

TEHELKA: What was Narendra Modi’s reaction when the Godhra incident happened?

Haresh Bhatt: I can’t tell you this… but I can say it was favourable… because of the understanding we shared at that time…


TEHELKA: Tell me something… Did he…

Bhatt: I can’t give a statement... But what he did, no chief minister has ever done …


TEHELKA: I won’t quote it anywhere…For that matter… I am not even going to quote you

Bhatt: He had given us three days… to do whatever we could. He said he would not give us time after that… He said this openly...After three days, he asked us to stop and everything came to a halt…


TEHELKA: It stopped after three days… Even the army was called in.

Bhatt: All the forces came… We had three days… and did what we had to in those three days...

One of the worst massacres occurred at the Gulburg Society, a primarily Muslim housing estate in a Hindu section of Ahmedabad.  Almost 200 Muslims sought shelter inside the house of Ehsan Jaffri, a Muslim and ex-member of Parliament.  The mob started to gather at 10:30 am, stormed the compound at 11:30 am, then engaged in five hours of butchery and rape that included slashing Jaffri, dousing him with kerosene, and burning him alive.

No police appeared.  At least sixty nine people died.  In 2009, a witness testified at an inquiry that Jaffri had desperately tried to phone Modi and other Gujarat politicians during the siege.

Sandhi (48) said she was standing near Jaffery in his house, while he was making frantic calls to officials and senior politicians like Advani, Modi, Chaudhary and Sheikh, seeking protection.

Two key witnesses -- Imtiyaz Pathan and Rupa Mody --had also testified before the court that Jaffery called Modi and other senior officials for help.

Jaffri’s widow subsequently demanded phone records for some of Modi’s aides, alleging they had visited the district with him the day before to coordinate the attack.

Despite these apparent smoking or smoky guns--and thanks to a solid phalanx of political, media, and legal defenders--nobody was able to lay a glove on Modi as an initiator and enabler of the pogrom.

Modi urged everybody, Muslims included, to “move on” after the riots, and calculatedly made a name for himself as a business-friendly technocrat, not a wild-eyed ultranationalist.

By most accounts, Muslims in Gujarat now "know their place"; they are thoroughly cowed by memories of the massacre and the BJP's conspicuous local and national political success and are, for the time being at least, resigned to their subordinate status in the state.

As the Congress Party floundered, Modi clearly became the electoral man of the hour, and India and the world were both eager to forget the murderous ugliness that had marked his tenure in Gujarat.

Modi’s riot-related difficulties apparently ended with his receipt of a “clean chit” of exoneration from a governmental commission in 2012.  The composition and probity of the commission were of course questioned by Modi’s opponents; judging from descriptions of the commission’s report, which included generous conclusions like this, they have a point:

[As to the allegation that] Mr Modi had told the police during the riots to allow the Hindus to vent their anger over the massacre of 56 kar sevaks in the Godhra train burning incident…[The report says] "[E]ven if such allegations are believed for the sake of argument, mere statement of alleged words in the four walls of a room does not constitute any offence".

With Modi poised to become Prime Minister in 2014 James Mann delivered the requisite whitewash in the Wall Street Journal on behalf of the Western world, ascribing the visa ban to inexplicable application of some weird religious freedom statute.

Well-intentioned U.S. policies sometimes work out in absurd ways, but this is hard to top: In a few weeks, India, the world's largest democracy, will probably elect as its next prime minister a politician who for nearly a decade has been prohibited from setting foot on U.S. soil… The State Department invoked a little-known U.S. law passed in 1998 that makes foreign officials responsible for "severe violations of religious freedom" ineligible for visas. Mr. Modi is the only person ever denied a visa to the U.S. under this provision, U.S. officials confirm.

The most revealing perspectives on Modi, both in 2002 and today, are supplied by three Indian journalists, admittedly of the “secularist/constitutionalist/pro-Congress” bent, who had visited Gujarat shortly after the riots as representatives of the Editors Guild in May 2002 to investigate the role of the media in fanning communal hatred.

Their report describes an atmosphere of brutality, intimidation, and impunity, presided over by Mr. Modi, who blithely tap-danced away from culpability thanks to the loyal savagery of the RSS/BJP/VHP apparatus.  

On the issue of incitement—Modi had first deemed the train fire a terrorist attack orchestrated by Pakistan, then allegedly explained away the subsequent violence as “Newtonian action/reaction”—there was apparently an awkward moment:

            Responding to queries regarding various statements attributed to him by the media, Mr Modi denied citing Newton’s law. Nor had he spoken of “action-reaction”; he had wanted neither the action (at Godhra) nor the subsequent reaction. When we cited footage in Zee to the contrary (Annexure 4A), there was no reaction from Mr Modi 

None of the three authors, Aakar Patel, Dileep Padgaonkar, or B.G. Verghese are, it is safe to say, fans of Mr. Modi.

Shortly after the visit, Verghese wrote:

The rest of the country witnessed a storm of anger and protest against what was widely seen as a planned genocide in furtherance of the Parivar's [umbrella term for the constellation of Hindu nationalists organizations with the RSS at its center--ed.] warped agenda.  This was spearheaded by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad and other front organisations and orchestrated by the BJP chief minister, Narendra Modi...
 

As the evidence piled up—and was ignored by Indian voters--some of the Indian media elite reacted to Modi’s rise to ultimate power with disbelieving horror.

The second author of the Editors Guild report, Dileep Padgaonkar, a stalwart of the liberal secular order who edited the Times of India for a stretch, delivered a half-amusing half-disconcerting, and totally desperate mea culpa cum beat-sweetener on the occasion of Modi’s elevation in 2014.


In A Missive to Distraught Liberals addressed to the “Sentinels of the Republic”, Padgaonkar wrote:

We goofed. Every assumption we made during the election campaign has been savaged. … We missed no chance to harp on Modi’s RSS background. Time and again we raked up the 2002 violence in Gujarat. We pooh-poohed the ‘clean chit’ the Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team and a lower court in Ahmedabad had given Modi. We picked gaping holes in his much-vaunted development model. … On all these counts, we came a cropper.

So why did we lose the plot? The plain answer is that we misread the nation’s mood. …

An equally miserable failure of ours was to underestimate the spell Modi cast on the electorate. …He also tapped into voters’ yearning for a leader endowed with the will and aptitude to bring prosperity to the people, ensure clean and effective governance, provide security and instil national pride in citizens.

To reassure observers who might worry that there are limits to abject, self-destructive groveling, Padgaonkar promised to internalize the lessons of his defeat:

What we need is to acknowledge the flaws in our idea of secularism. Correctly or otherwise, it has been perceived as a hostile attitude to even the most uplifting traditions of India’s myriad religious and spiritual traditions. And, by that token, it has been equated with an indulgent attitude to Muslim extremism. A course correction is in order.

In contrast to this demoralized liberal rout, the third author, Aakar Patel, a Gujarati, offered rediff a clear-eyed appraisal of Modi:

I think he is the most talented politician of our time. A brilliant public speaker, charismatic, very hardworking, uninterested in most things outside politics and government.

He is neither well-read nor well-travelled and as a writer is not particularly interesting. He is also a published poet.

You had mentioned how as chief minister, he held most of the key portfolios? Is it because he wants absolute power or is it insecurity?

Both. For over a decade (till he became the BJP's PM nominee), he has held most of the top portfolios.

In 2006, he was personally Gujarat's minister for finance, home, industries, energy, administration, mines and minerals, ports, petrochemicals and any other important ministry you can think of.
He doesn't think anyone else has his brilliance or integrity. And he cannot bear to stand a rival.

Or is it because he genuinely believes that when power is concentrated in one person, the government functions better?

He also believes in this principle -- so long as he is the man with power.
Do you see him redefining his relationship with India's Muslims if he did come to power?

He has the atavistic RSS attitude to South Asian Muslims as traitors (Indian Muslims) and enemies (Pakistanis). He cannot shake this off because he is a man of little education and strong convictions.

What is his relationship with the pillars of democracy? The legislature? The executive? The media?

He has contempt for the legislature in Gujarat and here his record is pretty clear. He is a demagogue in the classical sense and is democratic to that extent.

He doesn't understand the democratic idea of minority rights or of legitimacy.

So far as the media goes, he doesn't think he needs it and because of its attention, he can reach his audience over the head of the media, which is something he has done successfully for the last 12 years.

The optimistic scenario for Modi’s rule of India is that he will devote the bulk of his attention and energies to pursuing India’s Hindu renaissance through rehabilitation of its rickety economy and foreign policy. The pessimistic scenario is that Modi, either frustrated by his failures or emboldened by his successes, will turn on the institutions and minorities he sees as the final barriers to the implementation of his Hindutva fascist vision.

Photo by AP
=================================================

Endnote

*A few words about the “F” word.

China Matters has an aversion to the casual use of the epithet “fascist”.  

“ Fascism” is a particular political response to a perceived national crisis.  To fascist practitioners, the root cause of the crisis is identified as contamination of a pure, virtuous national polity by alien elements, maybe ethnic, maybe religious, maybe cultural, often “all of the above”.  The national essence must be purified, first by creating an unpolluted kernel of activists in a mass movement.  The movement has its own armed force, to protect itself and impose its will on others.  The purpose of the movement is state capture: to seize control of the state and purify it, other key institutions and, if possible, the territory of the nation from the contaminating elements.

Hitler was a nasty, clever practitioner of fascism, but not its creator.  The roots of fascism go back to the 1880s.  What Hitler did was adopt the current best practice in insurrection, the mass mobilization of the 1917 Bolshevik revolution and subsequent crash industrialization in Russia, to Germany.  With a twist.

For Hitler, the virtuous conspiracy to capture state power would be conducted against the polluting influence of Jews and Bolsheviks by the Volk under the leadership of the Nazi Party, instead of by the proletariat perfecting the class and productive relationships in Russia under the guidance of the Bolsheviks.  

I am willing to defer the knotty question of whether fascism and Bolshevism are qualitatively the same, or if one is worse or better than the other, to the philosophers.  Both exploited the unchecked power of the ruling party and group to do massively horrible things to the world.

But the relevant point here is that both systems were astounding successful, albeit for relatively brief periods of time.

When the bourgeois liberal capitalist world was flat on its ass during the Depression, Hitler created an economic and military power that subdued continental Europe.  During the same period, Stalin’s USSR achieved feats of high-speed industrialization that I suspect still have not been equaled.

Truth be told, it’s easier to awake the demon of nationalism than it is to persuade people of their class interest, so I guess that’s why there are only four nominally communist regimes left in the world, while fascism is doing great everywhere.  Indeed, if the geopolitical obsession of the United States with Russia and China is set aside, the main enemy of liberal democracy today is not godless communism; it’s good old fascism.

The fascists’ brutal and somewhat transitory achievements of wealth and power still exercise a dark attraction for people who see their nations in crisis.  Moving beyond the “all or nothing” categorical assertions of the defenders and enemies of the current Kyiv regime, the classic example of a purely fascist strain in European politics today is within the Pravy Sektor/Svoboda factions in Ukraine.  

I wrote on the relatively undiluted fascist character of these movements in Counterpunch a while back and concluded with this observation:


It is anathema to liberal democrats, but it should be acknowledged that fascism is catching on, largely as a result of a growing perception that neo-liberalism and globalization are failing to deliver the economic and social goods to a lot of people.

Democracy is seen as the plaything of oligarchs who manipulate the current system to secure and expand their wealth and power; liberal constitutions with their guarantees of minority rights appear to be recipes for national impotence. Transnational free markets in capital and goods breed local austerity, unemployment, and poverty.  Democratic governments seem to follow the free market playbook, get into problems they can’t handle, and surrender their sovereignty to committees of Euro-financiers.

Fascism, with its exaltation of the particular, the emotional, and the undemocratic provides an impregnable ideological and political bulwark against these outside forces.

Fascism has become an important element in the politics of resistance: a force that obstructs imposition of the norms of globalization, and an ideology that justifies the protection of local interests against the demands of liberal democracy, transnational capital, and property and minority rights.

For some, resentment will, inevitably, congeal around nationalism and the perception that fascist resistance, defiantly militant, uncompromising, and irrational, racial and undemocratic, exclusionary and brutal, is the best instrument to achieve local identity and agency—power– in an ever bigger, more dangerous, and less responsive continental order.

Fascism, I’m afraid, isn’t just part of Europe’s past; it’s part of Europe’s future.


And also India’s future, as can be seen through my review of the rise of the RSS and BJP…and Narendra Modi.

In summary, “fascist” is not a shorthand term for “racist”, “xenophobic”, “authoritarian”, “totalitarian” or “brutal, murdering asshole”.  When I use it, I’m referring specifically to an alarmingly nasty and relatively robust strategy for popular mobilization, state capture, and governance.

And consider this extended digression as a notice that, when I say that Narendra Modi’s roots are fascist, I am not employing the term as a lazy perjorative.

194 comments:

Xinxi said...

In short: Modi might usher in an economic renaissance for India and become one of the greatest politicians in Indian history - if a benign Pakistani assassin kills him before he succumbs to the usual madness of fascist leaders.

TICKERTAPE said...

Hindu nationalism would also mean Muslim chauvinism. It could also mean the end of "Secularism" and the concept of "India" since the latter depends a good deal on both "Secularism" and tolerance of minorities (albeit Muslims).

Arjun Kapur said...

The author has bees so economical with reality. He has vilified everything Hindu and Modi. He has out rightly lied on so many facts. It is a shame that this individual calls himself a Journalist, a Propagandist for Islam, Christianity and generally everything from the west is superior attitude is a better way of describing this hogwash and lies he has written.

Unknown said...

Thankyou for providing the informative content.
If you want any information regarding GSEB ssc result then click here Gujarat board ssc result

Cricket Live said...

If you want to change the mobile number along with the UAN password, then you can follow the steps mentioned below. Visit the UAN website of EPFO at UAN new website. Click on the link Forgot Password Online Aadhaar Verified UAN Allotment in unifiedportal-mem.epfindia.gov.in

Dsc 2013 said...

Fill the address of the where your Khatian exists and tell the relation from which you want to convert that land in the next option. Select the Changeable Classification and purpose of Land
Banglarbhumi Khatian Know your Property Value in next two options

SBI HRMS said...

If you have any queries related to salary slips, SBI HRMS Login to get pension slips and PF's slips etc, click on the service desk and register your query and get a solution

Gaddhalakonda Ganesh said...

JioFi Firmware Upgrade can be updated once any new update will be available. You should note that there is not any firmware update available for the JioFi 2 on the internet

babu said...

First poeple who have applied in online at the apna csc center must get from there only. Others who have submitted application form in jnv 9th class admissions website link can download directly by visiting JNVST Admit Card 2019 website.

on the way said...

Thats a good' article, I wish You'll a better articles that can make another people live..

Android App Development
iOS App Development Service
Yii PHP Framework Development

Unknown said...

Thats a good' article, I wish You'll a better articles

Unknown said...

Really nice post. Thanks for sharing this informative post
Website designing London
WordPress development company in India
Top digital marketing agency in India

Funny ProBloggers said...

Thats a good' article
tally dubai
zoho partner dubai
vat filing uae

Funny ProBloggers said...

Really nice post. Thanks for sharing this informative post.
Chicago mortgage lenders
Chicago mortgage rates
Chicago mortgage broker

Info Hub said...

Narendra Modi Schemes & Amazing Facts

Unknown said...

This is really great,unique and very informitive post, I like it. Latest Jobs in Nigeria

iminathi said...

iminathi,
iminathi music,
iminathi music download,
iminathi mp3,
Fakaza,
Fakaza music downloads 2019,
Fakaza mp3 download,
south african music download,
Fakaza,
Fakaza music downloads 2019,
Fakaza mp3 download,
south african music download,
Fakaza,
Fakaza music downloads 2019,
Fakaza mp3 download,
south african music download,

Goodman Offin said...

Nice Post.
Its just what I wanted.
Fixed Matches
Correct Score
Soccer Prediction
Football Prediction
Predictz
Soccer Prediction Today
Soccer Vista

TICKERTAPE said...

India is neither a Democracy or Fascist state. Fascism under Mussolini was a success story-(Italy was one of the only nations to thrive during and after the 29 crash). The symbol of Fascism is the Roman Lictors Code which is a bundle of twigs tied together representing the community. In the simplest interpretation of Mussolini's Fascism is that:

"The State is responsible for Well being of the citizen and the Citizen is responsible for Well being of the State"

But my comment is not about Fascism but on Hindu militant Nationalism and the rise of Modi. The BJP, RSS and the Shiv Sena make up the unholy trinity of Hindu militant nationalism. To understand it one should read the RSS Manifesto. It is extremely racist:

RSS manifesto was written by its founder Madhav Sadashiv Golvalkar:

"There are only three courses open to foreign elements; merge with the national race and adopt its culture, or to live at its mercy as the national race permits, or quit the country at the will of the national race.

That is the only sound view and logical solution on the minorities. That alone keeps the national life healthy and undisturbed...the foreign races in Hindustan must either adapt to the Hindu culture, hold in reverence Hindu religion, must entertain no idea but those of the glorification of Hinduism.

The Hindu nations must lose their separate existence to merge into the Hindu race, wholly subordinate to the Hindu Religious State, claiming nothing, deserving no privileges or preferential treatment, not even citizen's rights"

The "National Race" are the Hindus and the Manifesto demands that the various ethnic groups that makeup Hinduism-merge. Problem with that is that each Hindu ethnic group has its own nationalist fervor. The BJP is of the Gujarati Hindus. They cannot force the Dravidian Hindus (Tamils, Telugu, Malayali, Kannada) to give up their identities without bloodshed. The Hindu militants are radicalizing South Asia's 500 million Muslims ( 200 million in India and Pakistan each and around 120 million in Bangladesh)

India is not "Hindustan". to force that is to force wars

The RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh-National Volunteer Organization) goes back to the days when a member assassinated the Mahatma. The RSS were responsible for the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya (20th century) and the pogrom on Gujarati Muslims where 2 thousand were brutally killed.

rimac57 said...

Music Lyrics
Song Lyrics
Lyrics

Eli said...

I really enjoyed this,
Nigerian Navy Recruitment
Federal Road Safety Corps Recruitment
Nigeria Customs Service Recruitment
Nigeria Police Force Recruitment
Nigerian Prisons Service Recruitment
Federal Fire Service Recruitment
Nigerian Airforce Recruitment
Nigeria Army Recruitment

Brandon Shipp said...

Great job! Your article is very informative. Thank you for this great article.
Visit this great website!

Toby Smile said...

Emmexcity Entertainment

Admin said...

Digital Exam
Knowledge4ever

TechAvidus said...

Great post. Thanks for sharing.

reacts developers
custom software company
ecommerce application developers
android application development services
web app development india

Santosh Das said...

Thanks for this wonderful post about our pm. We work on lottery sambad today online lottery result you can check on our website.

Santosh Das said...

Thanks for sharing a lovely information with us. It will help us lot. Download old result rajshree lottery from our page.

Anonymous said...

Lottery Sambad operates in three Indian states together. Sikkim State Lottery Morning, West Bengal State Lottery Day, Nagaland State Lottery Night.

Check Daily Dhankesari Lottery Result Today 11:55 AM, 4:00 PM and 8:00 PM. Dhankesari Lottery Result Morning 11 AM, After Noon 4 PM & Evening 8 PM

Admin said...

Download Naija Music
Job Recruitments
Online Weed Store
SSD chemicls master
animal welfare store
Wamplerscattleranch

Monica said...

Nigerian Navy Recruitment

FRSC Recruitment

Nigerian Immigration Service Recruitment

Nigerian AirForce Recruitment

Post Utme Past Questions and Answers

JAMB Result

JAMB Registration Form

Recruitment


Star mhan said...

Get a latest pastquestions
Nigerian Navy
Civil Defence

Anonymous said...

great article. Thanks for sharing

https://www.wiinnova.com

Star mhan said...

Get all pst questions here
Ibom Air
Please
Federal fire service past questions
Federal civil service past questions
AAU Post UTME past questions
IMSUBEB past questions
SUBEB past questions

Star mhan said...

Latest Recruitments
Facts to note when applying for a job
How to pass examination successfully
Qualities of a good leader
How to get approved for a job interview
Get all latst recruitment news updates here

Monika Thakur said...

Thanks for sharing a lovely information with us. It will help us lot. CCC Online Test

Monika Thakur said...

thank you RSCIT Notes in Hindi

sanjeev12 said...

JEE Main Answer Key 2020 - National Testing Agency (NTA) will release the answer key of JEE Main 2020 for January and April sessions separately through the official website. Candidates who will appear in the entrance test can able to download the answer key for both paper 1 and paper 2 in the form of PDF.

Unknown said...

Is this not neoliberal neocon globalized Clintonist ALEC Thatcher/Reaganism in a nutshell?

RE:"When I use it (fascism), I’m referring specifically to an alarmingly nasty and relatively robust strategy for popular mobilization, state capture, and governance.

Moses Okon said...

EBSU Past Question
Zamsu Admission List
IMSU Past Question
NPS Past Question

Sambad Result said...

Check your Lottery Sambad Result for three time in a day. Lottery Sambad Morning Result, Lottery Sambad Day Result, Lottery Samabad Evening Result

aklak digital solutions said...

aklak digital
http://www.aklakdigital.com
nice post

StudyGrades said...

Xavier Aptitude Test
Symbiosis National Aptitude Test
IIM CAT
10th 12th Board Results
Sarkari Naukari
Exam Preparation
Admission News

Mukul said...

Zoylo Coupons
Zoomin Coupons
Zomato Coupons
Zoff Foods Coupons
Zivar Coupons
Zivame Coupons
Zebronics Coupons
Zaful Coupons
Yatra Coupons

Recruitment Domain said...

Civil Defense Past Questions

Emmanuel Essien said...

Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your weblog
and wished to say that I have truly enjoyed browsing your blog posts.
In any case I will be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write
again soon!
JAMB Direct Entry Registration Form


Ekijah Jonah said...

China is truly a destination of great goodies and one for tourist attraction, great post.
Naija MP3

Moses Okon said...

NAFDAC Recruitment
Federal Jobs in Nigeria

Studydriller said...

I think he is the leader of the world's largest democracy. Thanks for sharing anyways. This is fantastic. If you need the latest Jobs in Nigeria, visit this recruitment website with
Past Questions and answers
shortlisted candidates
Pyes Registration 2020
Nafdac Recruitment 2020
Civil defence Recruitment 2020

Unknown said...

Great post Latest jobs in Canada

Robert John said...

The article posted was very informative and useful. You people are doing a great job. Keep going. check out mine- Canon Printer Error B200

jobspuls said...

Get latest jobs update at jobs plus and you can check JAMB utme portal for JAMB Result

judo said...

Your information is very detailed and useful to me, thank you for sharing his Nice post but I was wondering if you could write a litte more on this subject? you can now jobs to work from home

judo said...

Thanks for sharing such a great article. Looking forward to see more about tecno camon 15 price

Studydriller said...

Very Nice Tips. Currently, there is a national Lockdown in Nigeria, Once the effect of COVID-19 has been cushion, JAmbites are expected to know that schools would start releasing their Post UTME Forms, so all students are advised to grab a free copy of Post UTME Past Questions and Answers on Studydriler.com.

charles said...

thanks alot for taking you time to share this with us:
New Melodyza Music Latest staga tv movies 2020 New gqom mix Download

Jide Michael said...

Nice information. It really was helpful.

Sumit said...

this is a amazing post, very nice blog. CPCT Mock Test

Adekunle Ibrahim Olalekan said...

This is a very wonderful post ad piece of informations, thanks for this.

download latest music

hip hop download

Swissetakart said...

Thanks for sharing great insights article.Having read this I believed it was extremely enlightening.
I appreciate you finding the time and effort to put this short article together.
Waiting for another article i once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and commenting. But so what, it was still worth it!

First copy eye frames india

Unknown said...

Thanks for sharing such a great article. Looking forward to
seeing more.ecomarketsquare


Unknown said...

Thanks for sharing such a great article. Looking forward to
seeing more.starryfeed

Question Hub said...

NDE Recruitment
Federal Road Safety Recruitment

Question Hub said...

[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com]Oyo TESCOM Shortlisted Candidates[/URL]
[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com]NNPC Recruitment[/URL]
[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com/npf-recruitment]NPF Recruitment[/URL]
[URL=https://www.guideempire.com.ng/nis-past-questions]NIS Past Question[/URL]

Question Hub said...

[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com] Oyo TESCOM Shortlisted Candidates [/URL]
[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com] NNPC Recruitment [/URL]
[URL=https://recruitmentdomain.com/npf-recruitment] NPF Recruitment [/URL]
[URL=https://www.guideempire.com.ng/nis-past-questions] NIS Past Question [/URL]

Kaushik Paul said...

Lyrics

Santosh said...

Thanks for sharing a lovely information. It will help us lot. Download beautiful quotes from Good Night Wishes page and Chutkule Jokes website. You can also read live news today on our news website.

Oluwaxheun said...

Wonderful Post

New Music download

Timeocart.in said...

I am realy apreciate you finding the time and effort to write this best article together. Personely Waiting for another good article.
i once again find myself personally spending a lot of time both reading and commenting and shring with friends. Realy its worth it. Thank you very much.

First copy Delhi

Orobor Favour said...

Download all latest movies here at Abegloaded

Bad Commando said...

Download NIS aptitude test Past Questions

Unknown said...

deephouse download 2020
godfathers of deep house 2nd commandment

Máy mátxa chân said...

Thực sự thì bài viết của a hết sức tuyệt vời

https://ngoctuyenpc.com/man-hinh-may-tinh-24-inch

https://ngoctuyenpc.com/mua-ban-may-tinh-cu-ha-noi

https://ngoctuyenpc.com/mua-ban-may-tinh-laptop-linh-kien-may-tinh-cu-gia-cao-tai-ha-noi

https://ngoctuyenpc.com/cay-may-tinh-cu

Henry Knight said...

Awesome Article indeed, I just got notified. Thanks for share
Also Checkout Mp3 Download

Spicy said...

You’re not just recruiting employees, but are sowing the seeds of your reputation.

mike said...

mafikizolo ngeke balunge mp3

download ngeke balunge by mafikizolo

Máy khuếch tán tinh dầu said...

Bài viết của bạn thật sự tuyệt vời

máy khuếch tán tinh dầu

máy khuếch tán tinh dầu giá rẻ

máy phun tinh dầu

máy khuếch tán tinh dầu tphcm

máy phun sương tinh dầu

mike said...

kabza de small i am king of amapiano


kabza de small

Ruhi Sukhla said...

I really like your आरपीएससी 1st ग्रेड मेरिट लिस्ट article.

EDDY said...

Thanks a lot for sharing this post from Education Today

Anonymous said...

ui ux designer company
Be it a software developer, programmer, coder, or a consultant, CronJ has it all. CronJ has been a trustworthy UI UX Design Company for startups, small companies, and large enterprises. Hire the web of experienced UI/UX designers for your esteemed project today.
https://www.cronj.com/ui-ux-design-company.html

COCOTECH said...

Amazing to peruse this sorts of blog, continue giving the new updates. Continue sharing Thanks... Regards Activated carbon manufacturing companies in India

Spicy said...

will surely be of great value. Get recruitment updates on Recruitment Tail. Also check out NAFDAC Recruitment.

branding companies in chennai said...

The article unambiguously indicated every one of the positive and negative sides of the issue I'm exceptionally bewildered with the nature of best branding companies in chennai the substance which you have written down. This is a marvelous article! Your article has all the essential data on the individual theme branding companies in chennai

Danny Danials said...

Try this new app Video Resizer Apk : which is most trending now.

kirankumarpaita said...

software testing company in India
software testing company in Hyderabad
Thanks for providing such an informative content with us.
keep sharing.

Orobor Favour said...

Nigeria Police Force Recruitment

moumita said...

Outstanding blog thanks for sharing such wonderful blog with us ,after long time came across such knowledgeable blog. keep sharing Fashion bloggers in India

parkinn said...

thank you for sharing this article.Be it a software developer, programmer, coder, or a consultant, CronJ has it all. CronJ has been a trustworthy company for startups, small companies, and large enterprises. Hire the web of experienced React developers for your esteemed project today.
ReactJS Development Services

ISREAL said...

Thanks for throwing more light on the subject matter Sir. Click here to see career/job content below.

Hendric said...

Everyone is now interested in creating news content, which leads to following a lot of events throughout the moment. You can follow Egypt news now via mogaz masr

Hendric said...

thanks for your information, really i interested with your content and i hope invite you to read more information about Arabic people via filmogaz.com

Hendric said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Hendric said...

Everyone is now interested in creating news content, which leads to following a lot of events throughout the moment. You can follow Egypt news now via aiwaegypt

Faith said...

check up this about your fav schools news plug https://SchoolPlug/

mathewbairstow said...

Hey there. Thanks for sharing!
grocery delivery app development

Anonymous said...



CronJ is a leading React JS Development Company based in the USA, Bangalore, India, New York, UK developing and offering the best platform for ReactJS development services. We have a professional and committed ReactJS and software development team that can build and meet your business needs.


ReactJS Development Services

Caryl said...

Kaduna SUBEB Recruitment


Imo SUBEB Recruitment


Ekiti SUBEB Recruitment


Edo State SUBEB Recruitment


Edo SUBEB Recruitment


Ebonyi SUBEB Recruitment

Caryl said...

RECRUITMENT

Caryl said...

past question

Shayari image said...

A amazing post , and great work useful for me with informational post thanks for sharing keep continue
Hindi sms shayari

Shayari image said...

Best information thanks for sharing and keep continue
Pyar ki shayari

Barbara Ray said...

I truly appreciate this post. I have been looking everywhere for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thanks again. See Summit Speed Card

Daily Word said...

Nice blog! Your content is very interesting and worth reading. I’ve learn some great ideas from here. Thanks for sharing your knowledge. Recommended: Free Netflix Accounts Logins

New ideas said...

Great web site you have here.. It’s difficult to find good quality writing like yours these days.
I really appreciate people like you! See jamb registration

Daily Word said...

I appreciate individuals like you. Your views on this topic are very true and your explanation is far better than other ones I have seen. Great work, keep it up. www.npower.gov.ng login

Barbara Ray said...

This is a really good tip particularly to those new to the blogosphere. Brief but very accurate information… Thanks for sharing this one. A must-read post! Check outpositive words a-z

kantseo said...

Good day! I could have sworn I’ve visited this website before but after browsing through many of the posts I realized it’s new to me. Anyhow, I’m certainly pleased I stumbled upon it and I’ll be bookmarking it and checking back regularly! Also, check out av receiver 5.1 review

kantseo said...

I think this is one of the most important info for me. And I am glad reading your article. Also, check out nintendo switch ring fit adventure set.

Barbara Ray said...

Good post I am pretty much pleased with your good post. You put really very helpful information. See gap return policy covid

Daily Word said...

I constantly spend quality time to read articles on this blog every day. Your contents are very informative and well explained. Keep it up. Conclusion Essay Examples

News said...

“It will be a tough game, with Unai’s experience and because Villarreal have a lot of goalscorers in their side.

“But Manchester United are favourites. They’ve got the best squad, the most talented players.

African News Today

USA News Today

entertainment

“If the likes of Bruno [Fernandes], [Edinson] Cavani and [Paul] Pogba turn up they should get the job done.”

Scholes said: “I agree with Owen. I haven’t seen a lot of Villarreal and they do have goals in their teams. It’s hard to go against Unai Emery with his record in the competition but United have hit some real form at the right time.

“I expect them to win it with the squad they’ve got.”

Politics

Download Movies

eden hazard

Best Review Group said...

Success Story of Narendra Modi in English

Does Trader Joe’s Accept EBT Card said...

Pretty great post. I simply stumbled upon your weblog and wished to mention that I’ve truly enjoyed browsing your weblog posts. Also, check Can I Use My EBT Card at Aldi.

Daily Word said...

This blog is definitely awesome. I have picked up information from this blog. I will love to go through it again and again. Thanks a million. Read More: Transfer Essay Examples

Blacksatta said...

Great This Article Modi Ji Following This sattaking chack here...

Blacksatta said...

Greetings! Very useful advice within this article! It’s the little changes that produce the largest changes. Thanks a lot for sharing! See sattaking

Faith said...

Click Here to Visit My Site

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Godwin Ibanga said...

You can check the latest news update for Jamb UTME result and N-power and school news also Visa lottery and others recruitment on bestschoolnews.com Thank you


N-Power Recruitment

N-Power Shortlisted
Seriously i don't know how go fit check my JAMB Result Please help me thanks and <a href=https://bestschoolnews.com/jamb-mock-result/

Godwin Ibanga said...

How To Complete Fingerprint Enrollment Through N-power Biometric Portal www.nasims.gov.ng for this year.

daisoftware said...

This was a very meaningful post, so informative and encouraging information, Thank you for this post.
on-demand food delivery app development

Unknown said...

iPhone app development company
https://www.protocloudtechnologies.com/iphone-app-development/
Protocloud is a leading company in India. Our highly qualified and experienced iPhone app development team will help you build your iPhone mobile applications with much ease. Our iOS mobile app development services are available to make creative and highly responsive apps along. Reach out to a more significant population of iPhone users through highly interactive iPhone mobile apps.
iPhone mobile devices have taken a significant hold of the mobile market in recent times. As such, it has become the need of the hour to come in close contact with the possible iPhone users in your business niche. We help you interact and connect with the target audience by developing highly creative and user-friendly iPhone apps at very competitive rates.

Godwin Ibanga said...

According 234price.com.ng you will know basic thing about How to Study Science Effectively as a student. seriously this is very wanders full tips

MultiQoS said...

Pleasant Article! Create more content like this.

Mobile App Development

eduschoolnews said...

Best On Eduschoolnews.com the List of Shortlisted Candidate for TCF COVID-19 Loan has been release

FFlle Oscar said...

Hello there! this is a great and interesting blog, your article is very useful, interesting, and engaging, I really enjoy reading it. I got to know a lot from your information. Thanks for sharing your knowledge. check out mtn night plan

Lap said...

This is where to check PTDF Scholarship Shortlist also Obtain PTDF Past Questions and Answers here online. Get Past Question here

Emmanuel Essien said...

Very informative blog post.JAMB Result
Federal Fire Service Recruitment

saniyaa said...

Hello, I am so delighted I located your blog, I really located you by mistake, while I was watching on google for something else, Anyways I am here now and could just like to say thank you for a tremendous post and an all-round entertaining website. Please do keep up the great work. www.jamb.org.ng result checker portal

Activated said...

good morning, i have really enjoyed your post after going through it, keep doing it as it will really be of help to many people. gotv payment

saniyaa said...

I have read your blog it is very helpful for me. I want to say thanks to you. I have bookmark your site for future updates. myrtle mystagogue mysticalness mythical mythmaker mythological mythologize mythomaniac myukolayiv

Activated said...

what an awesome post i love reading this post npvn.npower.gov.ng/my profile
npvn.npower.gov.ng/my profile
thanks for sharing

Goodtime said...

This is a very educative and helpful information, keep it up, thanks for sharing.

easy infoblog,

Unknown said...

I really loved reading your blog. It was very well authored and easy to understand. Unlike other blogs I have read which are really not that good.Thanks alot!
Wondershare Filmora X Professional Crack Latest

Goodtime said...

Good one
easy infoblog

Goodtime said...

Thanks for sharing this informative article jamb registration

Yash said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Yash said...

Thanks for sharing this informative article! Visit our blog: Floatbot

Essien said...

This is very fascinating; You are a very professional blogger. I’ve joined your rss feed and sit up for in quest of extra of your fantastic post. Check nigeria maritime university, okerenkoko post utme past questions and answers

Sony said...

filmywap-2018-bollywood-movies-download

yadu said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Godwin Ibanga said...

According to bestschoolnews.com you can apply for

JAMB Result
JAMB Mock Result
N-Power Shortlisted
N-Power Recruitment for this year.
FRSC Shortlisted Candidates

Godwin Ibanga said...

You can Check Nigerian Police Shortlisted Candidates Here
FRSC Shortlisted Candidates

Ali said...

QSS Technosoft is a ReactJS Development company with an exceptional reputation for delivering quality services. Our team of over 200+ developers has extensive experience of collaborating with companies across a wide range of domains including e-commerce, fintech, banking, logistics, retail, sports & healthcare.

APPWRK IT Solutions said...

He is considered one of the top leader in the world. There are some strategies by Indian government that are helping a ReactJS Development Company to stand and take India to a higher level in the technology sector.

Webasha Technologies said...

Thanks for submit this Article.
SALESFORCE CERTIFICATION EXAM
SALESFORCE TRAINING & CERTIFICATION EXAM CENTER

Webasha Technologies said...


I am always eager to catch hold of the new posts being published on your website, because of this i use to updated, thanks for sharing this wonderful article. CISCO CERTIFICATION EXAM
CEH TRAINING & CERTIFICATION EXAM CENTER

Webasha Technologies said...

thanks for submit
CCNA Bootcamp|
CCNA Proxy Exam |

Unyime Emem said...

One of the best articles I have read online. Thanks for sharing this information. The latest jobs in Nigeria can be found on the Job portal. If you want to apply for Fire Service portal then visit Fire Service Recruitment Portal to get more information.
Do you know that soon Nigerian Navy Recruitment will commence?

TRCN Past Questions

Richard said...

Thank you for sharing such valuable information and knowledge. It is very useful and informative. It would be great to see more updates from you soon.
Satta king
Satta king Chart
Satta king Fast
Satta king Gali
Satta king Ghaziabad
Satta king Faridabad
satta king Online
Satta king Results

eliza said...

Your blog has wonderful information, I also have some valuable information regarding the best react native development company hopefully, this will be very helpful for you.

Itronix11 said...

Data Science Training In Jalandhar
Best Digital Marketing Training In Jalandhar
Free Certification In Jalandhar
CCNA Training In Jalandhar
Machine Learning Training In Jalandhar

Unknown said...

wow!! great information!! DeleteAccount

DeleteAccount

Unknown said...

Nice work of explanation you can follow Dental Service

Topview said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Topview said...

I dont know if i can check Nigeria Customs Service Shortlisted Name

Automix said...

Thanks for sharing this is awesome i will always check here for more updates

Animal Grooming said...

Thank you for sharing such great information. I have a suggestion for those people that looking for best SEO Consultant in Dubai then you must explore this site. This is one of the best consultancy firms in the field of digital marketing and SEO

Louis Ojibe said...

Very interesting topic, thanks for sending the message I blog at hownaija blog

123bet said...

Great post, what an awesome story content. Awesome. 123เบท

Emmanuel Essien said...

I appreciate individuals like you. Your views on this topic are very true and your explanation is far better than other ones I have seen. Great work, keep it up. Jamb Result
Nigerian Navy Recruitment

Emmanuel said...

Nigerian Police Recruitment

zee said...

keep it up love keep posting thanks for best sharing i love it fbise

रवि कुमार said...

We’re full service which means we’ve got you covered on design and content right through to digital.
Magento 2 Development Services

Webasha Technologies said...

I am always eager to catch hold of the new posts being published on your website, because of this i use to updated, thanks for sharing this wonderful article.
Best Linux Training in Pune
RedHat Training center

neenu said...

hire solidity developers refer to software engineers who are well versed in Solidity programming languages and who use them to create smart contracts for Ethereum and other private Blockchain platforms.

neenu said...

Solidity Developers hiring is more than just scanning resumes and profiles. If you have no experience in hire solidity developers then these resources should be able to assist you.

Robiul Islam said...


Belle and Sebastian Unnecessary Drama Mp3 Download Belle and Sebastian Unnecessary Drama Mp3 Download The artist Belle and Sebastian has just recently released a new song fakaza music

nidhi pethe said...

Wonderful article. It's very useful.
It looks like you have put lot of work into this.
SMARS designs jewelry to run along with your ever-changing wardrobe. A piece of Jewelry can either make or break your entire look; therefore, every unique outfit needs a different piece of jewelry to compliment it. But looking at the prices of traditional jewelry, we usually find occasions like festivals or ceremonies to buy it. And these adorable pieces spend most of their lives in the lockers. Komal, the founder of SMARS, understood this gap in the market. Every single piece is limited edition and walks hand-in-hand with trends. Adored by customers from all over the world, we ensure the quality delivery of our high-end, Indian fashion costume jewelry. Shop online for latest collection of Kundan, antique and temple jewelry in India check out necklace sets, earrings, bangles, chokers for girls and many more Indian jewelry sets for women available with free shipping across India.
Take a look: Fancy Chokers For Womens

ISREAL said...

I enjoy this article's nice and interesting content...Nice Post. Thanks a lot


Click here to Get jobs Updates
Click here to Get jobs Updates
Click here to Get jobs Updates
Click here to Get jobs Updates
Click here to Get jobs Updates

123bet said...

Really good job. I'll keep it. very useful. คาสิโนออนไลน์

lilac said...

good to read. Thanks for sharing

https://lilacinfotech.com/what-we-do/app-development

Best sulotion said...

Very nice article
Satta king website
Dofllow Backlink 100% Free Try

SATTA KING
SATTA TIGER
SATTA PRINCE

recruitment palace said...

Nice article...
https://recruitmentpalace.com.ng/
https://recruitmentpalace.com.ng/waec-recruitment-2022-recruitment-portal/
https://palaceinfong.blogspot.com/

Imolite said...

Thanks for sharing this terrific information. I really like the way you express complex topics in lucid way. It really helps me understand it much better way. visit MOUAU Admission list

Anonymous said...

Awesome Article Thanks for sharing your valuable information Are you seeking a E-commerce app to start your own new business? You've arrived at the right location. For your business startup, we offer a Best E-commerce app that all-in-one solution.

dubairedflames said...

Red flames is a global engineering solutions provider that provides Life Safety & Security Solution in Dubai Civil Defense Approved Contractors in UAE We offer personalized solutions and a comprehensive range of services to business all around Dubai. We are one of the leading fire protection solution providers in Dubai.

Encynk Builders said...

Houston General Contractor License
In search of a Houston general contractor license? Don't go any further than EN'CYNK Builders. We'll guide you through the registration, bonding and insurance process to ensure a seamless experience.
General Contractor in Houston

Bus rental Dubai said...

bus rental Dubai amazing

Vivek singh said...

Web Designing Company amazing post

Manas said...

best Black Satta website for online play and win big amount.

satta matka said...

Seek Help if Needed: If you find yourself unable to control your gambling habits or it's negatively impacting your life, don't hesitate to seek help from a counselor or support group. Gambling addiction is a serious issue that can have far-reaching consequences.

madhur day

freemocktestseries said...

keep it up free mock test series

Soham said...

Great blog!
Top UX UI Design agency in Mumbai
Top UX UI Design agency in Mumbai

Shahmeer said...

Rent Bentley Car in Dubai are celebrated for their exceptional craftsmanship and attention to detail. The interiors are adorned with premium materials

Schoolnet said...

jamb mock 2024
nedunews.com.ng

darshan singh said...

Book Delhi to Nainital Cab Service Now with 20% Discount
For the people residing in the Northern region of India, Nainital has always been the most favorable and go-to destination to breathe some serenity and take a pause from the monotonous regime. With its natural beauty and serene ambiance, it is very much renowned for its exquisite and captivating landscapes; which makes it a top destination for travelers seeking to be nestled by nature.

The travelers, specifically from Delhi, often travel to explore the allure of this mountainous region in Northern India because of its proximity and uniqueness. But with every trip, the hurdle that these travelers face is transportation, traveling through public or private transportation are the two options that the travelers choose from, and both of them sometimes are very inconvenient, and for the same cause, people are now adapting to travel by cabs.

Avanthika said...

interior designers chennai - Your blog consistently delivers thought-provoking content that sparks reflection and inspires action. Each post is a testament to your expertise and passion for your subject matter. Thank you for sharing your knowledge and insights with the world—it's truly invaluable!

usmanbage said...

tanjore paintings in chennai - Wow, what an insightful and engaging read! Your blog always manages to captivate me with its thoughtful content and well-articulated ideas. Thank you for consistently sharing such valuable insights and knowledge. Looking forward to more enlightening posts!

carlos6 said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
rahulravi said...

Thank you for creating such an insightful blog! Your efforts are greatly appreciated, and your content has been truly valuable and enriching.digital marketing agency in chennai

siva said...

Thank you to the blog creator for crafting insightful content that enriches our understanding and inspires us daily with valuable information and perspectives.childrens playing area near me

revanthusha said...

Your blog is a treasure trove of insights and inspiration. Thank you for sharing your brilliance with ushbot india

Guri said...

Your blog is a gold mine of knowledge and motivation. I appreciate you sharing your .
Comment by - Best makeup artist in Jalandhar
Makeup artist in Jalandhar