More on the China Pet Food Additives Scandal
It’s refreshing that the New York Times is doing some crackerjack investigative reporting.
It’s rather unique that the reporting concerns a scandal in China, rather than America: China’s role as a serial contaminator of feed additives.
And it’s ironic that it’s a story that the Chinese government is probably less than eager to see covered by any media outlet, let alone America’s most authoritative news outlet, the New York Times.
Today’s entry from the Times’ David Barboza, Another Chemical Emerges in Pet Food Case, concerns the possible presence of a second contaminate, cyanuric acid in Chinese feed ingredients.
Barboza reports that cyanuric acid, like melamine, was added to feed ingredients to inexpensively increase their perceived protein content (for more on how protein is measured, see this post).
Scientists are speculating that melamine and cyanuric acid, presumed harmless by themselves, may have combined fatally to damage the kidneys of the pets that consumed food laced with the additives.
China Matters’ humble contribution to this story is the information that a compound of melamine and cyanuric acid, melamine cyanurate or MCA (氰尿酸三聚氰胺), is used in the Chinese plastics industry as an anti-oxidant and flame retardant.
Its primary use seems to be in the production of Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, the two polymers used to manufacture nylon tire cord, the material that adds strength to the carcass of the rubber tire.
Shandong province, where the laced material (not even crappy wheat gluten but, according to Barboza, ordinary wheat flour juiced with additives to make it test like higher quality and more expensive gluten--that's a cheap, nasty trick) was probably produced is, for reasons that escape me, big in tire factories.
And it’s also big in production of MCA. MCA is an inorganic compound apparently produced by facilities involved in China’s coastal salt chemical industry, which has many facilities stretching along the shallow coastal plain from Jiangsu to Shandong to Tianjin.
On a list of MCA producers and suppliers that is probably by no means comprehensive over one third of the enterprises are in Shandong or immediately adjacent.
FYI.
Showing posts with label pet food. Show all posts
Showing posts with label pet food. Show all posts
Tuesday, May 08, 2007
Monday, April 30, 2007
Tainted Wheat Gluten Update
I was patting myself on the back for tracing the source of the tainted wheat gluten to Binzhou, in Shandong.
There was one element that I got wrong: how and why the melamine got into the wheat gluten.
I argued that melamine was a relatively expensive petrochemical, and it didn’t seem logical from a cost-benefit point of view to use it as filler in wheat gluten.
The New York Times argues quite persuasively that cheap melamine scrap was routinely ground up and added to Chinese feed ingredients to inflate the measured protein content and obtain a higher sales price.
Protein is a difficult component to measure. Protein content is therefore measured indirectly by decomposing the protein’s constituent amino acids to release their nitrogen content. The amount of protein is inferred by recovering and measuring the amount of nitrogen recovered and multiplying that number by a factor reflecting the proportion of nitrogen to the overall amino acid molecule.
The nitrogen-to-protein multiplier for the most commonly used protein measurement procedure, the Kjeldahl test, is 6.25. So one mg of added nitrogen would translate into 6.25 mg of perceived protein.
Melamine is a nitrogen-rich chemical that would be likely to disassociate during the harsh Kjeldahl process—which includes an acid wash—and produce elevated protein results.
The process is extremely laborious and a little bit dangerous, involving digestion, distillation, and titration. Certainly no ordinary farmer could perform it, and the test is probably widely honored in the breach inside China.
Inflating protein content to rip off gullible farmers is a long and honored tradition around the world.
I’m most familiar with the scam of spiking feed ingredients with bone and feather meal from a rendering plant. This meal is proteinacious, but nutritionally useless—the protein is denatured and can’t be absorbed. But adding the meal does allow the supplier to claim a higher protein content—and price.
Since I wasn’t aware of the protein angle for melamine, I proposed that the melamine might have made its way to the wheat plant as contamination in the water supply.
That premise looks like it was waaaaaaaaaay off.
However, I do take some consolation in the fact that the New York Times visited the Mingshui Chemical Plant—which I had identified in my post as the likely source of melamine since it was just upriver from Binzhou--and found that it was a source of the scrap melamine that was auctioned off once per quarter and is apparently finding its way into the local feed industry.
The interesting investigatory issue will involve the nature of the testing that the U.S. importers performed when the Chinese material was received.
Did they perform Kjeldahl tests?
Were there other tests they should have reasonably conducted to detect melamine or other contaminants?
Did the U.S. importers blend the Chinese material—a common precaution to dilute whatever nasties were inside the imported protein materials and also, perhaps, allow the importer to claim U.S. origin for the stuff—or did some companies take the rather reckless step of sending their pet food customers 100% Chinese material?
An interesting story.
Also, a story that the Chinese government—for the sake of its credibility and for the health of its citizens and livestock—should not continue to cover up.
There was one element that I got wrong: how and why the melamine got into the wheat gluten.
I argued that melamine was a relatively expensive petrochemical, and it didn’t seem logical from a cost-benefit point of view to use it as filler in wheat gluten.
The New York Times argues quite persuasively that cheap melamine scrap was routinely ground up and added to Chinese feed ingredients to inflate the measured protein content and obtain a higher sales price.
Protein is a difficult component to measure. Protein content is therefore measured indirectly by decomposing the protein’s constituent amino acids to release their nitrogen content. The amount of protein is inferred by recovering and measuring the amount of nitrogen recovered and multiplying that number by a factor reflecting the proportion of nitrogen to the overall amino acid molecule.
The nitrogen-to-protein multiplier for the most commonly used protein measurement procedure, the Kjeldahl test, is 6.25. So one mg of added nitrogen would translate into 6.25 mg of perceived protein.
Melamine is a nitrogen-rich chemical that would be likely to disassociate during the harsh Kjeldahl process—which includes an acid wash—and produce elevated protein results.
The process is extremely laborious and a little bit dangerous, involving digestion, distillation, and titration. Certainly no ordinary farmer could perform it, and the test is probably widely honored in the breach inside China.
Inflating protein content to rip off gullible farmers is a long and honored tradition around the world.
I’m most familiar with the scam of spiking feed ingredients with bone and feather meal from a rendering plant. This meal is proteinacious, but nutritionally useless—the protein is denatured and can’t be absorbed. But adding the meal does allow the supplier to claim a higher protein content—and price.
Since I wasn’t aware of the protein angle for melamine, I proposed that the melamine might have made its way to the wheat plant as contamination in the water supply.
That premise looks like it was waaaaaaaaaay off.
However, I do take some consolation in the fact that the New York Times visited the Mingshui Chemical Plant—which I had identified in my post as the likely source of melamine since it was just upriver from Binzhou--and found that it was a source of the scrap melamine that was auctioned off once per quarter and is apparently finding its way into the local feed industry.
The interesting investigatory issue will involve the nature of the testing that the U.S. importers performed when the Chinese material was received.
Did they perform Kjeldahl tests?
Were there other tests they should have reasonably conducted to detect melamine or other contaminants?
Did the U.S. importers blend the Chinese material—a common precaution to dilute whatever nasties were inside the imported protein materials and also, perhaps, allow the importer to claim U.S. origin for the stuff—or did some companies take the rather reckless step of sending their pet food customers 100% Chinese material?
An interesting story.
Also, a story that the Chinese government—for the sake of its credibility and for the health of its citizens and livestock—should not continue to cover up.
Monday, April 09, 2007
Environmental Cat--astrophe
Does the trail of tainted pet food lead to a fertilizer plant in Shandong?
America is much abubble concerning a mysterious string of pet deaths and illnesses.
Dogs and cats have been keeling over with kidney failure, apparently caused by pet food.
The smoking gun concerning the pet food connection may very well be the lone human casualty, a woman in Ottawa who bravely and almost fatally consumed her pet’s dog food in order to coax the recalcitrant mutt to eat its dinner.
As reported in the March 25 National Post, Woman sick after eating tainted pet food, by Melissa Arseniuk:
"I was trying to get her to eat," Ms. Larabie said, but Missy’s protest continued. Desperate, Ms. Larabie tried "just a little bite" of the Iams dog food to make the terrier think it was people food, then gave Missy the rest.
"I said, 'It’s not going to kill me to take a little bite' ... but I guess it could have," said Ms. Larabie...
...
The mealtime routine continued for about two weeks, until both dog and master became sick on March 17.
She—and her initially prudent but ultimately gullible dog—ended up under emergency medical care:
In this case, a canine and its master wound up in hospital — Missy at the Alta Vista Animal Hospital and Elaine Larabie at an after-hours emergency room.
"I thought I caught a virus, but then I realized I ate the food, and put two and two together," Ms. Larabie said.
For three days, she suffered a range of "confusing" and "embarrassing" symptoms, including loss of appetite, vomiting and foaming of the mouth. She also had problems urinating.
Pet food is being swept from the shelves in recalls, and there are dark suspicions of thousands of pet fatalities and millions of dollars in legal damages in the offing.
China comes into the picture because contaminated Chinese wheat gluten is the focus of US investigations.
The gluten’s exporter of record is one Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company.
It doesn’t produce wheat gluten but, in return for its investment in production of other vegetable-based protein powders, it apparently has trading rights to export wheat gluten and other feed additives.
Anying has discretely removed wheat gluten from its product list, but its offering survived on one of the innumerable Chinese on-line bulletin boards meant to facilitate business-to-business commerce (the magnificently named “Ubiquitous Value Network”; last I checked the server was down, but I had previously printed out Xuzhou’s solicitation to sell).
The spec is distinctive, a low quality material with wet-based protein > 64%, dry base > 66%...you get the picture.
Anyway, the only place I could find offering that identical spec was an outfit in north-central Shandong, called the Binzhou Rongchang Biologic Technology Development Corp 滨州荣昌生物科技有限公司 .
Binzhou is in a wheat-producing area crisscrossed by tributaries of the Yellow River, with two large flour mills.
Unlike Xuzhou, Rongchang bills itself as a producer (and not just exporter) of wheat gluten (谷朊粉to the trade).
Not a 100% lock but certainly a good possibility that the wheat gluten came from Binzhou.
Having come up with a defendable hypothesis for the source of the wheat gluten, China Matters will engage in risky speculation.
Fortunately, we are not alone. The pet food poisoning has been something of a puzzle for a lot of experts.
Labs have been picking over the wheat gluten but have been unable to identify an unambiguously toxic component.
A lab at Cornell originally declared on March 23 that it had detected aminopterin—identified as a rat poison--in the wheat gluten.
That sounded promising: wheat + rats + poison + sloppy housekeeping = contamination.
But it turns out that aminopterin is an anti-leukemia drug. Its identification as a rat poison in actual use is a canard, based on a reference from an American Cyanamid patent.
According to the ASPCA, the descriptions of distress they are hearing aren’t consistent with aminopterin.
Also, the FDA couldn’t find aminopterin in its wheat gluten samples.
What they did find was melamine—up to 6.6% contamination, with the crystals “clearly visible” . And there were reports that melamine crystals were found in the kidneys of some deceased pets.
Problem is, melamine isn’t considered to be particularly toxic.
So scientists are theorizing about how the nitrogen in melamine somehow got converted into some highly toxic derivative that smoked the victims’ kidneys.
Well, what interested me about the whole issue was my mis-spent youth, much of it spent in Chinese grain and chemical plants.
Wheat gluten and melamine really don’t go together.
For one thing, melamine is considerably more expensive than wheat gluten. No unscrupulous exporter is going to cut wheat gluten with melamine to increase his profits.
Second, wheat gluten is produced in wheat milling plants in China’s grain handling and processing network using an old and simple technique. Then the stuff is bagged and sold to food and feed processors.
Users rely on wheat gluten’s ability to absorb a great deal of water and become sticky to make their products—like pet food—all yummy-gummy instead of slurping out of the can in disgustingly distinct streams of fat, water, innards, cereals, and whatever else goes in there.
There’s an international demand for wheat gluten, it’s one of the more profitable outputs available to the traditionally impoverished grain processors in China, and so Chinese plants are pretty keen to make it.
Melamine is produced in a chemical plant—in China, usually in a urea fertilizer plant under the chemical industry bureaucracy—using a relatively sophisticated process. Some of it is used as a fire retardant or fertilizer; most of it is shipped to plastics plants, where it’s polymerized with formaldehyde and turned into products like disposable plastic cutlery.
I’m pretty sure that both these products—relatively valuable and meant to be free of contamination—are bagged on site where they are produced. It’s quite unlikely that they would be shipped in bulk by rail car or, even if they were, that wheat gluten would end up in a chemical bulk car and get contaminated.
So, finding melamine in your wheat gluten is like opening your box of corn flakes and finding a fistful of moonrocks inside. It could happen—apparently it did happen—but it doesn’t seem likely.
I do have a theory.
There is one common thread between wheat gluten and melamine:
Water.
Wheat gluten production uses a lot of water. After the wheat kernel is broken up in the dry mill, a water wash separates the insoluble wheat gluten from the soluble wheat starch. Then the globs of wheat gluten are screened off and go through a drying process. Any insolubles in the water could be concentrated in the gluten.
The melamine production process happens to produce a lot of melamine-laced effluent water.
Melamine has low solubility in water, biodegrades poorly, and tends to hang around in the environment.
For the purposes of my theory, it is highly advantageous that upriver of Binzhou is the Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group, whose urea plant--one of China’s ancient, 1958 vintage demonstration plants-- also produces melamine.
I must now hasten to add that I do not know about conditions at these two plants. I don’t know if the two plants share a water source, if there are significant quantities of melamine in Mingshui’s effluent, or how the wheat gluten plant in Binzhou treats its incoming process water.
But right now, I’d say that the theory of impurities in the wheat gluten through use of melamine-contaminated process water looks as good as any.
America is much abubble concerning a mysterious string of pet deaths and illnesses.
Dogs and cats have been keeling over with kidney failure, apparently caused by pet food.
The smoking gun concerning the pet food connection may very well be the lone human casualty, a woman in Ottawa who bravely and almost fatally consumed her pet’s dog food in order to coax the recalcitrant mutt to eat its dinner.
As reported in the March 25 National Post, Woman sick after eating tainted pet food, by Melissa Arseniuk:
"I was trying to get her to eat," Ms. Larabie said, but Missy’s protest continued. Desperate, Ms. Larabie tried "just a little bite" of the Iams dog food to make the terrier think it was people food, then gave Missy the rest.
"I said, 'It’s not going to kill me to take a little bite' ... but I guess it could have," said Ms. Larabie...
...
The mealtime routine continued for about two weeks, until both dog and master became sick on March 17.
She—and her initially prudent but ultimately gullible dog—ended up under emergency medical care:
In this case, a canine and its master wound up in hospital — Missy at the Alta Vista Animal Hospital and Elaine Larabie at an after-hours emergency room.
"I thought I caught a virus, but then I realized I ate the food, and put two and two together," Ms. Larabie said.
For three days, she suffered a range of "confusing" and "embarrassing" symptoms, including loss of appetite, vomiting and foaming of the mouth. She also had problems urinating.
Pet food is being swept from the shelves in recalls, and there are dark suspicions of thousands of pet fatalities and millions of dollars in legal damages in the offing.
China comes into the picture because contaminated Chinese wheat gluten is the focus of US investigations.
The gluten’s exporter of record is one Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company.
It doesn’t produce wheat gluten but, in return for its investment in production of other vegetable-based protein powders, it apparently has trading rights to export wheat gluten and other feed additives.
Anying has discretely removed wheat gluten from its product list, but its offering survived on one of the innumerable Chinese on-line bulletin boards meant to facilitate business-to-business commerce (the magnificently named “Ubiquitous Value Network”; last I checked the server was down, but I had previously printed out Xuzhou’s solicitation to sell).
The spec is distinctive, a low quality material with wet-based protein > 64%, dry base > 66%...you get the picture.
Anyway, the only place I could find offering that identical spec was an outfit in north-central Shandong, called the Binzhou Rongchang Biologic Technology Development Corp 滨州荣昌生物科技有限公司 .
Binzhou is in a wheat-producing area crisscrossed by tributaries of the Yellow River, with two large flour mills.
Unlike Xuzhou, Rongchang bills itself as a producer (and not just exporter) of wheat gluten (谷朊粉to the trade).
Not a 100% lock but certainly a good possibility that the wheat gluten came from Binzhou.
Having come up with a defendable hypothesis for the source of the wheat gluten, China Matters will engage in risky speculation.
Fortunately, we are not alone. The pet food poisoning has been something of a puzzle for a lot of experts.
Labs have been picking over the wheat gluten but have been unable to identify an unambiguously toxic component.
A lab at Cornell originally declared on March 23 that it had detected aminopterin—identified as a rat poison--in the wheat gluten.
That sounded promising: wheat + rats + poison + sloppy housekeeping = contamination.
But it turns out that aminopterin is an anti-leukemia drug. Its identification as a rat poison in actual use is a canard, based on a reference from an American Cyanamid patent.
According to the ASPCA, the descriptions of distress they are hearing aren’t consistent with aminopterin.
Also, the FDA couldn’t find aminopterin in its wheat gluten samples.
What they did find was melamine—up to 6.6% contamination, with the crystals “clearly visible” . And there were reports that melamine crystals were found in the kidneys of some deceased pets.
Problem is, melamine isn’t considered to be particularly toxic.
So scientists are theorizing about how the nitrogen in melamine somehow got converted into some highly toxic derivative that smoked the victims’ kidneys.
Well, what interested me about the whole issue was my mis-spent youth, much of it spent in Chinese grain and chemical plants.
Wheat gluten and melamine really don’t go together.
For one thing, melamine is considerably more expensive than wheat gluten. No unscrupulous exporter is going to cut wheat gluten with melamine to increase his profits.
Second, wheat gluten is produced in wheat milling plants in China’s grain handling and processing network using an old and simple technique. Then the stuff is bagged and sold to food and feed processors.
Users rely on wheat gluten’s ability to absorb a great deal of water and become sticky to make their products—like pet food—all yummy-gummy instead of slurping out of the can in disgustingly distinct streams of fat, water, innards, cereals, and whatever else goes in there.
There’s an international demand for wheat gluten, it’s one of the more profitable outputs available to the traditionally impoverished grain processors in China, and so Chinese plants are pretty keen to make it.
Melamine is produced in a chemical plant—in China, usually in a urea fertilizer plant under the chemical industry bureaucracy—using a relatively sophisticated process. Some of it is used as a fire retardant or fertilizer; most of it is shipped to plastics plants, where it’s polymerized with formaldehyde and turned into products like disposable plastic cutlery.
I’m pretty sure that both these products—relatively valuable and meant to be free of contamination—are bagged on site where they are produced. It’s quite unlikely that they would be shipped in bulk by rail car or, even if they were, that wheat gluten would end up in a chemical bulk car and get contaminated.
So, finding melamine in your wheat gluten is like opening your box of corn flakes and finding a fistful of moonrocks inside. It could happen—apparently it did happen—but it doesn’t seem likely.
I do have a theory.
There is one common thread between wheat gluten and melamine:
Water.
Wheat gluten production uses a lot of water. After the wheat kernel is broken up in the dry mill, a water wash separates the insoluble wheat gluten from the soluble wheat starch. Then the globs of wheat gluten are screened off and go through a drying process. Any insolubles in the water could be concentrated in the gluten.
The melamine production process happens to produce a lot of melamine-laced effluent water.
Melamine has low solubility in water, biodegrades poorly, and tends to hang around in the environment.
For the purposes of my theory, it is highly advantageous that upriver of Binzhou is the Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group, whose urea plant--one of China’s ancient, 1958 vintage demonstration plants-- also produces melamine.
I must now hasten to add that I do not know about conditions at these two plants. I don’t know if the two plants share a water source, if there are significant quantities of melamine in Mingshui’s effluent, or how the wheat gluten plant in Binzhou treats its incoming process water.
But right now, I’d say that the theory of impurities in the wheat gluten through use of melamine-contaminated process water looks as good as any.
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